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+# Media Embed Design
+
+**Date:** 2026-05-09
+**Status:** Approved
+**Scope:** Add support for embedding video files, audio files, YouTube, and Vimeo in Markdown documents using the standard image syntax `![](url)`.
+
+## Background
+
+The knowledge base currently renders Markdown via `League\CommonMark` with `html_input => 'strip'`, which removes raw HTML. This is a deliberate safety choice: the project is published as OSS and may be deployed in environments with multiple authors or untrusted input, so raw HTML passthrough is undesirable.
+
+To migrate fixed pages from a previous WordPress site (which used `<video>` tags and YouTube/Vimeo embeds), Markdown needs a safe mechanism to express media embeds. The chosen approach extends the existing image syntax: when an `![](url)` URL points to a media resource, the rendered output becomes `<video>`, `<audio>`, or `<iframe>` instead of `<img>`.
+
+## Goals
+
+- Support embedding local video and audio files via `![](url)` syntax
+- Support YouTube and Vimeo embeds via the same syntax
+- Use privacy-enhanced embed modes (`youtube-nocookie.com`, Vimeo `?dnt=1`)
+- Preserve existing image rendering and Wiki link behavior unchanged
+- Maintain `html_input => 'strip'` for safety
+- Provide unit-test coverage for URL parsing and rendering
+
+## Non-Goals
+
+- Custom attributes (width, autoplay, poster) — sizing handled via CSS only
+- Other embed providers (Twitch, SoundCloud, Spotify, etc.)
+- `og:video` OGP tags
+- VTT subtitles / `<track>` elements
+- Download cards for zip/binary files (a separate future task)
+- Rerendering existing documents (a separate Artisan command may be added later)
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+Markdown input
+   │
+   ▼
+CommonMarkParser
+   │  (after parse)
+   ▼
+DocumentParsedEvent ───► MediaEmbedExtension listener
+                          │
+                          │  Walk Image nodes, classify URL:
+                          │   ├─ video extension → <video>
+                          │   ├─ audio extension → <audio>
+                          │   ├─ YouTube URL    → <iframe> (nocookie)
+                          │   ├─ Vimeo URL      → <iframe> (dnt)
+                          │   └─ other          → leave unchanged (renders as <img>)
+                          │
+                          │  Replace matching node with HtmlInline
+                          ▼
+HTML output (existing render flow unchanged)
+```
+
+The extension lives entirely in CommonMark's event-based AST modification layer. No changes are required to the existing Wiki link, GFM, or image rendering logic.
+
+### Boundary Summary
+
+- **Input:** Markdown string (unchanged)
+- **Output:** HTML string — some `![](...)` produce `<video>`, `<audio>`, or `<iframe>` instead of `<img>`
+- **Untouched:** Wiki links, GFM extension, default image rendering, `html_input => 'strip'` policy
+
+## Components
+
+### New files
+
+#### `src/app/Markdown/MediaEmbedExtension.php`
+
+CommonMark `ExtensionInterface` implementation. Sole responsibility: register the listener.
+
+- Public API: `register(EnvironmentBuilderInterface $env): void`
+- Wires `DocumentParsedEvent` to `MediaEmbedListener::handle`
+
+#### `src/app/Markdown/MediaUrlResolver.php`
+
+Pure URL classification class with no external dependencies. Highly testable.
+
+- Public API: `resolve(string $url): ?string`
+  - Returns the replacement HTML string if URL is a recognized media resource
+  - Returns `null` if URL should fall through to default image rendering
+- Internal helpers:
+  - `detectVideo(string $url): ?string`
+  - `detectAudio(string $url): ?string`
+  - `detectYouTube(string $url): ?string`
+  - `detectVimeo(string $url): ?string`
+- Order: video → audio → YouTube → Vimeo → null
+
+#### `src/app/Markdown/MediaEmbedListener.php`
+
+Thin glue layer. Receives `DocumentParsedEvent`, walks the AST, and delegates URL classification to `MediaUrlResolver`.
+
+- Public API: `handle(DocumentParsedEvent $event): void`
+- For each `Image` node: call resolver; if non-null, replace node with `HtmlInline`
+
+### Modified files
+
+#### `src/app/Models/Document.php` — `renderMarkdown()`
+
+Add a single line:
+
+```php
+$converter->getEnvironment()->addExtension(new \App\Markdown\MediaEmbedExtension());
+```
+
+No other changes.
+
+### File-split rationale
+
+Separating `MediaUrlResolver` from `MediaEmbedListener` isolates "URL parsing / HTML generation" from "AST manipulation." The former is pure and exhaustively testable; the latter is a thin glue layer. This keeps each unit single-purpose and easier to reason about.
+
+## Data Flow Specification
+
+### Input → Output reference
+
+| Markdown input | Output HTML (key parts) |
+|---|---|
+| `![alt](/foo.png)` | `<img src="/foo.png" alt="alt">` *(default, unchanged)* |
+| `![](/demo.mp4)` | `<video src="/demo.mp4" controls class="kb-video"></video>` |
+| `![](/audio.mp3)` | `<audio src="/audio.mp3" controls class="kb-audio"></audio>` |
+| `![](https://youtu.be/abc123XYZ_-)` | `<iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/abc123XYZ_-" ...></iframe>` |
+| `![](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abc123XYZ_-&t=30s)` | `<iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/abc123XYZ_-?start=30" ...></iframe>` |
+| `![](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/abc123XYZ_-)` | `<iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/abc123XYZ_-" ...></iframe>` |
+| `![](https://vimeo.com/123456789)` | `<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/123456789?dnt=1" ...></iframe>` |
+| `![](https://vimeo.com/123456789#t=30s)` | `<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/123456789?dnt=1#t=30s" ...></iframe>` |
+
+### Extension matching (case-insensitive)
+
+- Video: `mp4`, `webm`, `ogv`, `mov`, `m4v`
+- Audio: `mp3`, `wav`, `ogg`, `m4a`
+
+Matching is performed on the URL **path** only (after stripping `?query` and `#fragment`) so signed CDN URLs with `?token=...` are not misclassified.
+
+### YouTube URL recognition
+
+The video ID is the strict pattern `[A-Za-z0-9_-]{11}`. Recognized URL forms:
+
+| Pattern | Example |
+|---|---|
+| `youtu.be/{id}` | `https://youtu.be/abc123XYZ_-` |
+| `youtube.com/watch?v={id}` | `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abc123XYZ_-` |
+| `youtube.com/shorts/{id}` | `https://www.youtube.com/shorts/abc123XYZ_-` |
+| `youtube.com/embed/{id}` | `https://www.youtube.com/embed/abc123XYZ_-` |
+| `m.youtube.com/...` | mobile variant of the above |
+
+Timestamp normalization (first match wins; `t` preferred over `start`):
+
+- `?t=30s` / `?t=30` / `&t=1m20s` → seconds → `?start=N`
+- `?start=N` → preserved
+- No timestamp → no `?start` parameter
+
+### Vimeo URL recognition
+
+| Pattern | Example |
+|---|---|
+| `vimeo.com/{id}` | `https://vimeo.com/123456789` |
+| `player.vimeo.com/video/{id}` | `https://player.vimeo.com/video/123456789` |
+
+ID is digits only.
+
+Timestamp:
+- `#t=30s` → preserved as `#t=30s` (Vimeo convention)
+- `?t=30s` → preserved as `#t=30s`
+
+### iframe attribute template
+
+```html
+<iframe src="..."
+        width="560" height="315"
+        loading="lazy"
+        referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+        allow="autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture"
+        allowfullscreen
+        frameborder="0"
+        class="kb-embed kb-embed-{provider}">
+</iframe>
+```
+
+`{provider}` is `youtube` or `vimeo`. Class hooks let CSS introduce aspect-ratio control later.
+
+### Resolution order
+
+1. Video extension → emit `<video>`, return
+2. Audio extension → emit `<audio>`, return
+3. YouTube → emit `<iframe>`, return
+4. Vimeo → emit `<iframe>`, return
+5. None match → return `null`; node renders as default `<img>`
+
+## Error Handling and Edge Cases
+
+| Case | Behavior | Reason |
+|---|---|---|
+| `parse_url` failure | return `null` → default `<img>` | Fall back to CommonMark default |
+| URL with no extension | return `null` → default `<img>` | Extension matching is path-suffix based |
+| YouTube ID does not match `[A-Za-z0-9_-]{11}` | return `null` → default `<img>` | Strict matching avoids false positives |
+| Vimeo ID is not digits | return `null` → default `<img>` | Same |
+| Empty URL | return `null` | `parse_url` returns empty path |
+
+**Principle:** Unrecognized URLs are not transformed. Exceptions are not thrown. Default CommonMark rendering handles the fallback.
+
+### XSS hardening
+
+All output URLs are passed through `htmlspecialchars($url, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8')` before being embedded in HTML strings. Attack-vector analysis:
+
+- `![](javascript:alert(1))` — does not match a media extension → `null` → CommonMark's `allow_unsafe_links => false` blocks `<img src="javascript:...">`
+- `![](https://youtu.be/"><script>...)` — strict ID regex `[A-Za-z0-9_-]{11}` cannot extract from a URL containing `"` or `>` → `null` → default rendering, where CommonMark also escapes
+- `![](/foo.mp4")` — trailing quote breaks extension matching at the path-cleaning step; even if it passed, `htmlspecialchars` would escape the output
+
+### Relation to `html_input => 'strip'`
+
+The `'strip'` setting is preserved. CommonMark strips raw HTML written by users in source Markdown. However, `HtmlInline` nodes inserted programmatically by a registered extension are not stripped. Therefore:
+
+- User-written `<script>` in Markdown source → still stripped
+- `<video>` / `<iframe>` inserted by `MediaEmbedExtension` → output as intended
+- The security boundary becomes "the extension is responsible for its own escaping," which is enforced by passing all dynamic URL fragments through `htmlspecialchars`.
+
+### `alt` and `title`
+
+Markdown image syntax allows `![alt](url "title")`.
+
+- `<video>` / `<audio>` have no `alt` attribute → ignored
+- `title` is preserved on `<video>` / `<audio>` as `title="..."` (optional)
+- iframes ignore both (the YouTube/Vimeo player surfaces its own title)
+
+VTT subtitles / `<track>` elements are out of scope.
+
+### Multiple media in one paragraph
+
+```markdown
+![](/a.mp4) and ![](/b.mp4)
+```
+
+Two `<video>` elements appear within the same `<p>`. `<video>` is phrasing content per the HTML spec, so this is valid. CSS can apply `display: block` if needed.
+
+### Existing documents
+
+Existing rows in `documents.rendered_html` may be stale after this change. Mitigation is left to the implementation phase — most likely a `docs:rerender` Artisan command (or a one-off `tinker` invocation) that re-saves each `Document` to trigger the existing render hook. This is **not part of the design scope** and should be tracked separately during implementation planning.
+
+## Testing Strategy
+
+### `tests/Unit/Markdown/MediaUrlResolverTest.php`
+
+Pure-unit tests against `MediaUrlResolver::resolve`.
+
+**Video extensions** (one case per extension):
+- `/demo.mp4`, `/demo.webm`, `/demo.ogv`, `/demo.mov`, `/demo.m4v` → `<video>` output
+- `/demo.MP4` (uppercase) → recognized
+- `https://example.com/path/demo.mp4?token=abc` → query stripped, recognized
+
+**Audio extensions** (one case per extension):
+- `/clip.mp3`, `/clip.wav`, `/clip.ogg`, `/clip.m4a` → `<audio>` output
+
+**YouTube** (full URL pattern coverage):
+- `https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ`
+- `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ`
+- `https://www.youtube.com/shorts/dQw4w9WgXcQ`
+- `https://www.youtube.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ`
+- `https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ`
+- Timestamps: `?t=30s`, `?t=90`, `?t=1m20s`, `?start=30`
+- Output contains `youtube-nocookie.com`
+
+**Vimeo:**
+- `https://vimeo.com/123456789`
+- `https://player.vimeo.com/video/123456789`
+- Timestamps: `#t=30s`, `?t=30s`
+- Output contains `?dnt=1`
+
+**Fallback (returns `null`):**
+- Normal images: `/photo.jpg`, `/icon.svg`
+- No extension: `/foo`
+- Invalid URL: empty string, `javascript:alert(1)`, `http://`
+- Negative-match candidates: `https://example.com/youtu.be-fake/abc` (host mismatch)
+- Invalid YouTube ID: `https://youtu.be/short` (less than 11 chars), special characters
+
+**XSS resilience:**
+- `https://youtu.be/abc"><script>` → `null` (strict ID extraction fails)
+- Video URL containing `"` produces escaped output
+
+### `tests/Unit/Markdown/MediaEmbedExtensionTest.php`
+
+Integrated unit tests through `Document::renderMarkdown()`:
+
+- Default image survives unchanged: `![alt](/foo.png)` → `<img>`
+- Video embed succeeds: `![](/foo.mp4)` → `<video>`, no `<img>`
+- Mixed Markdown: image, video, YouTube, Vimeo coexist correctly
+- Wiki link coexistence: `[[other-doc]]` is unaffected
+- Multiple media in one paragraph: `![](/a.mp4) ![](/b.mp4)` → two `<video>`
+- List item: `- ![](/a.mp4)` → `<video>` inside `<li>`
+
+### Test data convention
+
+No fixture files. Test inputs are inline string literals so they remain greppable.
+
+### Running
+
+```bash
+docker compose exec php php artisan test --filter=MediaUrlResolverTest
+docker compose exec php php artisan test --filter=MediaEmbedExtensionTest
+```
+
+`composer test` (full suite) must remain green.
+
+### Coverage target
+
+No formal coverage measurement. The bar is: **every URL pattern listed in the Data Flow Specification has at least one corresponding test case.**
+
+## Open Items for Implementation Phase
+
+These are deliberately deferred to the planning phase, not the design:
+
+- Whether to add a `docs:rerender` Artisan command for existing rows
+- CSS additions for `.kb-video`, `.kb-audio`, `.kb-embed-*` (likely a future task)
+- Updating `CLAUDE.md` to document the new media-embed convention